Familiarity with psychology and human behavior - Aramesh Clinic Serenity Clinic

Approaches Problem solving

August 7, 1404

Articles

Getting to know psychology and human behavior

• Psychological knowledge
• Treatment or therapy
• consultant

Psychological aspects of human behavior include a wide range of mental processes, emotions, beliefs and motivations that affect the way we think, feel and act. These internal aspects of our psychology play an important role in how we relate to ourselves and others.

By implication, psychology can be considered a science that studies human behavior from a cognitive, emotional, social, and biological perspective. However, it is a broad field with many nuances, which is why it is important to understand its antecedents and what is currently relevant in explaining human behavior.

Cognition and Higher Psychological Processes

Cognition

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, processing, and using information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, thinking, reasoning, language and problem solving. These cognitive processes affect how we perceive, interpret and respond to social situations and their specific contexts. This is why they ultimately play a key role in explaining human behavior.

Thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and decision-making processes are influenced by cognitive processes. For example, when interacting with other people, the interpretation of their actions is based on cognition. Then it can be concluded that cognition explains how to process and use information to interact with the environment and make decisions. Higher psychological processes Higher psychological processes are complex cognitive and mental skills that allow humans to perform high-level tasks and adapt to new and challenging situations. These processes include the ability to think, reason, problem solve, plan, make decisions, remember, communicate, and self-regulate. Unlike more basic cognitive processes such as perception and short-term memory, higher psychological processes involve more detailed processing and involve more awareness and self-reflection.

During this unit, memory, learning, and language are studied as psychological aspects that inherently play a role in human behavior. Not only do these allow us to function adaptively in everyday life, but they also distinguish humans with the ability to think, learn from experience, and creatively solve problems. Therefore, they are fundamental to cognitive, academic, and social development and play an important role in social interactions, decision-making, and achieving personal and professional goals. Memory is the process by which the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information. It is a basic cognitive function that allows us to retain and remember past experiences, knowledge, skills, and events. In this sense, its impact on human behavior is clear, as it is involved in learning, decision-making, personal identity, social behavior, adaptation to the environment, and conflict resolution.

When it comes to learning, memory allows us to acquire and retain new information. As new skills, concepts, or facts are learned, memory allows us to store that information for future use. In this sense, when making decisions, this cognitive process allows us to access relevant information. By recalling past experiences, we can evaluate and compare different options, make informed decisions, and avoid repeating mistakes.

On the other hand, identity construction is based on autobiographical memory that allows us to remember important life events, past relationships, personal experiences, and achievements: facilitating our continuity over time. With such an identity comes meaningful social interactions, where memory plays an important role, as it allows us to remember information such as names, backgrounds, and shared experiences, and facilitates the creation of important social relationships. Similarly, memory helps us adapt to our environment by recalling relevant information about past locations, routes, hazards, and situations. Spatial and contextual memory allows us to navigate the world and make decisions based on previous experiences.

In short, the ability to remember and retrieve information affects how we behave, interact, and adapt to our environment. Therefore, students should also recognize some of the pathologies that affect this cognitive process and how they distort certain behaviors and affect the ability to acquire, retain, or recall information. Among the most common ones, forgetfulness, Alzheimer's, dementia and post-traumatic stress disorder can be mentioned. It is important to note that these memory pathologies can vary in severity and clinical manifestations. Learning is the process by which new knowledge, skills, attitudes, or behaviors are acquired or existing knowledge is modified through experience, practice, and interaction with the environment. It is an ongoing process that occurs throughout life and determines a large part of human behavior. It is partly a mental process that is determined by biological, personal and cultural aspects.

Understanding the mentality immersed in this process facilitates the understanding of individual dynamics that are evident in the acquisition of knowledge (which allows us to understand the world around each person), the development of skills (the ability to perform activities efficiently), behavioral changes (learning something new can change). specific behaviors and habits), adapting to the environment (adjusting behavior in harmony with the environment), changing attitudes and beliefs.

In short, learning is a fundamental process in human behavior. Through learning, knowledge is acquired, skills are developed, behaviors are modified, adaptation to the environment is achieved, and attitudes and beliefs are changed. It is a powerful tool that allows us to grow, develop and improve our ability to interact and function effectively in the social world.

Language

Language is a complex system of communication that uses words, signs and grammatical rules to express and convey ideas, thoughts and feelings. It is a unique human capacity and plays an essential role in social interaction, abstract thinking and culture transfer.

1. Communication: Language is the main tool of communication between people. Language allows the expression of ideas, feelings, needs and opinions. In addition, it makes it possible to understand and respond to the communication of others. Through language, relationships can be established and maintained, conflicts can be resolved, cooperation in projects can be done, and knowledge can be transferred.
2. Thinking and Reasoning: Language affects the ability to think and reason. It enables organizing and structuring thoughts, formulating arguments, analyzing problems and making decisions. Language provides a conceptual framework and helps to represent and process information more efficiently.
3. Construction of reality: language shapes perception and understanding of the world. Through language, we create meanings and labels for objects, concepts and experiences. How things are named and described affects how they are interpreted and how they are communicated. In addition, language enables the transfer of cultural knowledge and beliefs and helps to build a shared reality.
4. Influence on emotions: Language influences emotions and moods. The words we use and the narratives we create can affect how we feel and interpret. In addition, language allows the expression and transfer of feelings, which facilitates emotional connection with others and personal emotional regulation.
5. Identity and belonging: language plays an important role in the formation of individual and group identity. Through language, we define ourselves, express our cultural, racial, gender, and sexual orientation identities among others. Language also provides the possibility of membership in certain linguistic and cultural communities and creates a sense of belonging and dependence.
6. Impact on social behavior: Language affects interactions and social behavior in society. Roles are created through language, norms, social customs and communication. The words that are chosen and how they are used can affect interpersonal relationships, negotiations, conflict resolution, and how to communicate in different social contexts. In short, language is a powerful tool that affects human behavior at different levels. Its study helps to develop a holistic approach to understanding human behavior.

   Character and life cycle development

   Character

   Character is a fundamental factor in explaining human behavior. The five-factor theory proposed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae in 1992 suggests that personality can be described in terms of five dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. In addition, Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory (1900) examines the influence of unconscious processes on personality and behavior. Integrating these perspectives provides a more complete view of how personality traits and internal processes influence our actions and choices.

   The Five Factor Theory of Personality is an accepted theoretical framework for describing and classifying personality traits, as shown below.

   1. Openness to Experience: Refers to the degree to which a person is open, curious, and receptive to new ideas, experiences, and feelings. People with high openness are imaginative, creative and willing to explore the unknown.
   2. Conscientiousness: Refers to the degree of organization, reliability, discipline and sense of responsibility towards one's commitments and goals. People with high conscientiousness are persistent, conscientious, and tend to be self-motivated.
   3. Extroversion: Refers to the degree to which a person seeks social interaction, is social, energetic, and seeks external stimulation. Extroverted people tend to be outgoing, assertive and comfortable in social situations. Agreeableness: Refers to the degree of kindness, compassion, cooperation and attention to the well-being of others. Neuroticism (or emotional stability): Refers to the degree to which a person experiences negative emotions such as anxiety, emotional instability and stress. People with high neuroticism may be prone to anxiety, mood swings, and the tendency to experience negative emotions more intensely.

   It should be noted that these five factors are considered continuous dimensions, meaning that people can be at different points on each factor, from low to high. Through various researches, it has been found that these factors are relatively stable throughout life and can provide a general description of each person's personality. However, it is important to note that personality is a complex construct and there are other theories and approaches that examine different aspects of personality.

   Life cycle development

   Psychological aspects of human behavior are dynamic and can change and develop throughout a person's life. As people go through different stages of development and encounter different experiences, their psychology and behavior evolves in response to these changes. In this section, the works of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson are considered, the former is a pioneer in understanding cognitive development, and the latter refers to the life cycle of psychosocial development. Piaget's theory focuses on how children develop their ability to think, reason, and solve problems at different stages of their lives. According to Piaget, cognitive development is divided into the following four main stages:

   1. 1. Sensory-motor stage (from birth to 2 years old): In this stage, children discover and understand the world through their senses and physical actions. As they develop motor and perceptual skills, they also develop the ability to coordinate actions to achieve goals. 2. Pre-operational stage (from 2 to 7 years): In this stage, children develop language skills and symbolic representation. However, their thinking is egocentric and tends to focus on one aspect of a situation at a time. They also have difficulty understanding the concept of conservation and performing logical operations. Abstract or formal operational stage (from 7 to 11 years old): In this stage, children acquire the ability to perform concrete mental operations and think logically about concrete objects and events. They can understand conservation, reversibility, seriality, and other cognitive skills.
   2. Formal operational stage (11 years and up): In this stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and consider multiple variables in complex situations. They can do analogical thinking and use more complex problem-solving strategies.

   On the other hand, when it comes to psychosocial development, it is important to consider Erikson, whose theory describes life stages and the psychosocial challenges a person faces in each one. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis or conflict that must be resolved in order to achieve healthy growth and a strong personal identity. These stages and their associated crises are as follows:

   1. Early trust vs. mistrust (from birth to about 1 year old
   2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years old)
   3. Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years old)
   4. Effort vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years old)
   5. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence, 12 to 18 (years)
   6. Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood, 18-40 years)
   7. Birth vs. recession (middle age, 40-65 years)
   8. Self-esteem vs. despair (late adulthood, 65 years and older)

   It is important to emphasize that, according to Erikson, each stage is based on the success or positive resolution of previous stages, which leads to healthy development and psychosocial well-being during Life helps. In addition, during the life cycle, a person is faced with changes in cognition, emotions, priorities and adaptation to life. Understanding these aspects allows us to place a person in each stage according to his behaviors and characteristics, understanding the normality or abnormality of the previous stages.

   Motivation

   Explaining human behavior. Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (1985) argue that people have an innate desire for personal growth and development. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow's theory of human motivation (1943) proposes a hierarchy of needs that influence our behavior. Integrating these theories provides a more complete understanding of how our internal and external needs motivate us to act in certain ways. Slow down. Maslow's theory has been influential in the fields of psychology and motivation and has been used to understand and promote personal growth and self-awareness in various fields such as education, work, and psychotherapy. However, it is important to note that this theory has been subject to criticism and that human motivation can be complex and multifaceted and does not always follow a rigid hierarchy of needs. In 1991, Maslow claimed that humans are needy creatures who rarely reach a state of complete satisfaction. He highlighted five main needs: physiological, safety, belonging and love, dignity and flourishing, the latter of which is one of the innate needs that motivates people to strive for more. On the other hand, under the concept of motivation, one should consider the theory of self-determination, according to which people have an innate desire for personal growth and self-regulation. This tendency is based on three basic psychological needs:

   1. 1. Autonomy: People want to feel free to make decisions and have control over their behavior. Competence: Subjects seek challenges and opportunities to develop and use their skills. Relatedness: People want satisfying and meaningful relationships with others, where they feel supported and understood. The theory itself determines that when these three needs are met, people experience intrinsic motivation. to do, that is, the motivation that comes from the interest and satisfaction inherent in the activity itself. On the contrary, when these needs are not met, people may experience extrinsic motivation, which is caused by external rewards or the avoidance of punishment.

      In this sense, according to human behavior, it will be determined what kind of motivation "motivates" the subject under analysis. The student will be able to recognize that intrinsic motivation is characterized by greater commitment, satisfaction, creativity, and well-being, while extrinsic motivation can lead to less persistence and lower overall well-being. Similarly, from a critical perspective, it is observed how support and social environment both influence the satisfaction of psychological needs. An environment that promotes independence, competence, and healthy relationships fosters self-determined motivation and psychological well-being.

      Emotion

      Emotions play an important role in daily behavior. Paul Ekman, in 1992, developed the theory of basic emotions and argued that there are universal emotions that are expressed through recognizable facial expressions. Emotional behavior is a complex process that includes physiological, expressive, perceptual, mental and cognitive aspects. Paul Ekman wanted to understand the universality of emotions through his facial expressions. Finally, he managed to classify six basic emotions: sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise and happiness which are the main emotions that influence human responses and actions. According to the above, emotions influence the way we perceive, interpret and react to different situations. Aspects such as decision-making, interpersonal behavior, memory and learning, motivation, facial expressions and body language, as well as health and well-being are affected by emotional responses. It is important to note that such reactions and actions can be different from one person to another, because each person experiences and deals with emotions differently. In addition, emotions are not inherently good or bad, but by helping us to face and react to the environment, they have a consistent function in life.

      On the other hand, the cognitive evaluation theory of Richard Lazarus (1991) believes that emotions are influenced by the mental evaluation of events. Emotional intelligence, conceptualized by Daniel Goleman in 1995, is also an important aspect to consider because it affects the ability to understand and regulate one's own and others' emotions.

      Conclusion

      Psychological aspects are fundamental to understanding why people behave in certain ways in social contexts. Mental processes, emotions, motivations and social interactions affect the way people communicate, make decisions and behave in society. By understanding these aspects, one can have a deeper understanding of human behavior and its consequences in different social fields. Understanding how cognition, decision making and reasoning work allows for more informed and accurate decision making. It also helps to understand the cognitive and emotional biases that can affect decisions. Furthermore, by taking a closer look at how social experiences, relationships, and social pressures affect mental health, interventions and policies that promote a healthier social environment can be developed from any specific domain of knowledge. Psychological knowledge is actually a valid and systematic effort in these directions.

      

      Seyed Kamal Rafiei

      • Confidence
      • personal improvement
      • personal development
      • psychology

      August 7, 1404

      Psychological aspects of human behavior include a wide range of mental processes, emotions, beliefs and motivations that affect the way we think, feel and act. These internal aspects of our psychology play an important role in how we relate to ourselves and others.

      By implication, psychology can be considered a science that studies human behavior from a cognitive, emotional, social, and biological perspective. However, it is a broad field with many nuances, which is why it is important to understand its antecedents and what is currently relevant in explaining human behavior.

      Cognition and Higher Psychological Processes

      Cognition

      Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, processing, and using information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, thinking, reasoning, language and problem solving. These cognitive processes affect how we perceive, interpret and respond to social situations and their specific contexts. This is why they ultimately play a key role in explaining human behavior.

      Thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and decision-making processes are influenced by cognitive processes. For example, when interacting with other people, the interpretation of their actions is based on cognition. Then it can be concluded that cognition explains how to process and use information to interact with the environment and make decisions. Higher psychological processes Higher psychological processes are complex cognitive and mental skills that allow humans to perform high-level tasks and adapt to new and challenging situations. These processes include the ability to think, reason, problem solve, plan, make decisions, remember, communicate, and self-regulate. Unlike more basic cognitive processes such as perception and short-term memory, higher psychological processes involve more detailed processing and involve more awareness and self-reflection.

      During this unit, memory, learning, and language are studied as psychological aspects that inherently play a role in human behavior. Not only do these allow us to function adaptively in everyday life, but they also distinguish humans with the ability to think, learn from experience, and creatively solve problems. Therefore, they are fundamental to cognitive, academic, and social development and play an important role in social interactions, decision-making, and achieving personal and professional goals. Memory is the process by which the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information. It is a basic cognitive function that allows us to retain and remember past experiences, knowledge, skills, and events. In this sense, its impact on human behavior is clear, as it is involved in learning, decision-making, personal identity, social behavior, adaptation to the environment, and conflict resolution.

      When it comes to learning, memory allows us to acquire and retain new information. As new skills, concepts, or facts are learned, memory allows us to store that information for future use. In this sense, when making decisions, this cognitive process allows us to access relevant information. By recalling past experiences, we can evaluate and compare different options, make informed decisions, and avoid repeating mistakes.

      On the other hand, identity construction is based on autobiographical memory that allows us to remember important life events, past relationships, personal experiences, and achievements: facilitating our continuity over time. With such an identity comes meaningful social interactions, where memory plays an important role, as it allows us to remember information such as names, backgrounds, and shared experiences, and facilitates the creation of important social relationships. Similarly, memory helps us adapt to our environment by recalling relevant information about past locations, routes, hazards, and situations. Spatial and contextual memory allows us to navigate the world and make decisions based on previous experiences.

      In short, the ability to remember and retrieve information affects how we behave, interact, and adapt to our environment. Therefore, students should also recognize some of the pathologies that affect this cognitive process and how they distort certain behaviors and affect the ability to acquire, retain, or recall information. Among the most common ones, forgetfulness, Alzheimer's, dementia and post-traumatic stress disorder can be mentioned. It is important to note that these memory pathologies can vary in severity and clinical manifestations. Learning is the process by which new knowledge, skills, attitudes, or behaviors are acquired or existing knowledge is modified through experience, practice, and interaction with the environment. It is an ongoing process that occurs throughout life and determines a large part of human behavior. It is partly a mental process that is determined by biological, personal and cultural aspects.

      Understanding the mentality immersed in this process facilitates the understanding of individual dynamics that are evident in the acquisition of knowledge (which allows us to understand the world around each person), the development of skills (the ability to perform activities efficiently), behavioral changes (learning something new can change). specific behaviors and habits), adapting to the environment (adjusting behavior in harmony with the environment), changing attitudes and beliefs.

      In short, learning is a fundamental process in human behavior. Through learning, knowledge is acquired, skills are developed, behaviors are modified, adaptation to the environment is achieved, and attitudes and beliefs are changed. It is a powerful tool that allows us to grow, develop and improve our ability to interact and function effectively in the social world.

      Language

      Language is a complex system of communication that uses words, signs and grammatical rules to express and convey ideas, thoughts and feelings. It is a unique human capacity and plays an essential role in social interaction, abstract thinking and culture transfer.

      1. Communication: Language is the main tool of communication between people. Language allows the expression of ideas, feelings, needs and opinions. In addition, it makes it possible to understand and respond to the communication of others. Through language, relationships can be established and maintained, conflicts can be resolved, cooperation in projects can be done, and knowledge can be transferred.
      2. Thinking and Reasoning: Language affects the ability to think and reason. It enables organizing and structuring thoughts, formulating arguments, analyzing problems and making decisions. Language provides a conceptual framework and helps to represent and process information more efficiently.
      3. Construction of reality: language shapes perception and understanding of the world. Through language, we create meanings and labels for objects, concepts and experiences. How things are named and described affects how they are interpreted and how they are communicated. In addition, language enables the transfer of cultural knowledge and beliefs and helps to build a shared reality.
      4. Influence on emotions: Language influences emotions and moods. The words we use and the narratives we create can affect how we feel and interpret. In addition, language allows the expression and transfer of feelings, which facilitates emotional connection with others and personal emotional regulation.
      5. Identity and belonging: language plays an important role in the formation of individual and group identity. Through language, we define ourselves, express our cultural, racial, gender, and sexual orientation identities among others. Language also provides the possibility of membership in certain linguistic and cultural communities and creates a sense of belonging and dependence.
      6. Impact on social behavior: Language affects interactions and social behavior in society. Roles are created through language, norms, social customs and communication. The words that are chosen and how they are used can affect interpersonal relationships, negotiations, conflict resolution, and how to communicate in different social contexts. In short, language is a powerful tool that affects human behavior at different levels. Its study helps to develop a holistic approach to understanding human behavior.

         Character and life cycle development

         Character

         Character is a fundamental factor in explaining human behavior. The five-factor theory proposed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae in 1992 suggests that personality can be described in terms of five dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. In addition, Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory (1900) examines the influence of unconscious processes on personality and behavior. Integrating these perspectives provides a more complete view of how personality traits and internal processes influence our actions and choices.

         The Five Factor Theory of Personality is an accepted theoretical framework for describing and classifying personality traits, as shown below.

         1. Openness to Experience: Refers to the degree to which a person is open, curious, and receptive to new ideas, experiences, and feelings. People with high openness are imaginative, creative and willing to explore the unknown.
         2. Conscientiousness: Refers to the degree of organization, reliability, discipline and sense of responsibility towards one's commitments and goals. People with high conscientiousness are persistent, conscientious, and tend to be self-motivated.
         3. Extroversion: Refers to the degree to which a person seeks social interaction, is social, energetic, and seeks external stimulation. Extroverted people tend to be outgoing, assertive and comfortable in social situations. Agreeableness: Refers to the degree of kindness, compassion, cooperation and attention to the well-being of others. Neuroticism (or emotional stability): Refers to the degree to which a person experiences negative emotions such as anxiety, emotional instability and stress. People with high neuroticism may be prone to anxiety, mood swings, and the tendency to experience negative emotions more intensely.

         It should be noted that these five factors are considered continuous dimensions, meaning that people can be at different points on each factor, from low to high. Through various researches, it has been found that these factors are relatively stable throughout life and can provide a general description of each person's personality. However, it is important to note that personality is a complex construct and there are other theories and approaches that examine different aspects of personality.

         Life cycle development

         Psychological aspects of human behavior are dynamic and can change and develop throughout a person's life. As people go through different stages of development and encounter different experiences, their psychology and behavior evolves in response to these changes. In this section, the works of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson are considered, the former is a pioneer in understanding cognitive development, and the latter refers to the life cycle of psychosocial development. Piaget's theory focuses on how children develop their ability to think, reason, and solve problems at different stages of their lives. According to Piaget, cognitive development is divided into the following four main stages:

         1. 1. Sensory-motor stage (from birth to 2 years old): In this stage, children discover and understand the world through their senses and physical actions. As they develop motor and perceptual skills, they also develop the ability to coordinate actions to achieve goals. 2. Pre-operational stage (from 2 to 7 years): In this stage, children develop language skills and symbolic representation. However, their thinking is egocentric and tends to focus on one aspect of a situation at a time. They also have difficulty understanding the concept of conservation and performing logical operations. Abstract or formal operational stage (from 7 to 11 years old): In this stage, children acquire the ability to perform concrete mental operations and think logically about concrete objects and events. They can understand conservation, reversibility, seriality, and other cognitive skills.
         2. Formal operational stage (11 years and up): In this stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and consider multiple variables in complex situations. They can do analogical thinking and use more complex problem-solving strategies.

         On the other hand, when it comes to psychosocial development, it is important to consider Erikson, whose theory describes life stages and the psychosocial challenges a person faces in each one. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis or conflict that must be resolved in order to achieve healthy growth and a strong personal identity. These stages and their associated crises are as follows:

         1. Early trust vs. mistrust (from birth to about 1 year old
         2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years old)
         3. Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years old)
         4. Effort vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years old)
         5. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence, 12 to 18 (years)
         6. Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood, 18-40 years)
         7. Birth vs. recession (middle age, 40-65 years)
         8. Self-esteem vs. despair (late adulthood, 65 years and older)

         It is important to emphasize that, according to Erikson, each stage is based on the success or positive resolution of previous stages, which leads to healthy development and psychosocial well-being during Life helps. In addition, during the life cycle, a person is faced with changes in cognition, emotions, priorities and adaptation to life. Understanding these aspects allows us to place a person in each stage according to his behaviors and characteristics, understanding the normality or abnormality of the previous stages.

         Motivation

         It is an explanation of human behavior. From the perspective of self-determination theory, Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (1985) argue that people have an innate desire for personal growth and development. On the other hand, Abraham Maslow's theory of human motivation (1943) proposes a hierarchy of needs that influence our behavior. The integration of these theories provides a more complete understanding of how internal and external needs and desires motivate us to act in certain ways. Maslow's theory has been influential in the fields of psychology and motivation and has been used to understand and promote personal growth and self-awareness in various fields such as education, work, and psychotherapy. However, it is important to note that this theory has been subject to criticism and that human motivation can be complex and multifaceted and does not always follow a rigid hierarchy of needs. In 1991, Maslow claimed that humans are needy creatures who rarely reach a state of complete satisfaction. He highlighted five main needs: physiological, safety, belonging and love, dignity and flourishing, the latter of which is one of the innate needs that motivates people to strive for more. On the other hand, under the concept of motivation, one should consider the theory of self-determination, according to which people have an innate desire for personal growth and self-regulation. This tendency is based on three basic psychological needs:

         1. 1. Autonomy: People want to feel free to make decisions and have control over their behavior. Competence: Subjects seek challenges and opportunities to develop and use their skills. Relatedness: People want satisfying and meaningful relationships with others, where they feel supported and understood. The theory itself determines that when these three needs are met, people experience intrinsic motivation. to do, that is, the motivation that comes from the interest and satisfaction inherent in the activity itself. On the contrary, when these needs are not met, people may experience extrinsic motivation, which is caused by external rewards or the avoidance of punishment.

            In this sense, according to human behavior, it will be determined what kind of motivation "motivates" the subject under analysis. The student will be able to recognize that intrinsic motivation is characterized by greater commitment, satisfaction, creativity, and well-being, while extrinsic motivation can lead to less persistence and lower overall well-being. Similarly, from a critical perspective, it is observed how support and social environment both influence the satisfaction of psychological needs. An environment that promotes independence, competence, and healthy relationships fosters self-determined motivation and psychological well-being.

            Emotion

            Emotions play an important role in daily behavior. Paul Ekman, in 1992, developed the theory of basic emotions and argued that there are universal emotions that are expressed through recognizable facial expressions. Emotional behavior is a complex process that includes physiological, expressive, perceptual, mental and cognitive aspects. Paul Ekman wanted to understand the universality of emotions through his facial expressions. Finally, he managed to classify six basic emotions: sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise and happiness which are the main emotions that influence human responses and actions. According to the above, emotions influence the way we perceive, interpret and react to different situations. Aspects such as decision-making, interpersonal behavior, memory and learning, motivation, facial expressions and body language, as well as health and well-being are affected by emotional responses. It is important to note that such reactions and actions can be different from one person to another, because each person experiences and deals with emotions differently. In addition, emotions are not inherently good or bad, but by helping us to face and react to the environment, they have a consistent function in life.

            On the other hand, the cognitive evaluation theory of Richard Lazarus (1991) believes that emotions are influenced by the mental evaluation of events. Emotional intelligence, conceptualized by Daniel Goleman in 1995, is also an important aspect to consider because it affects the ability to understand and regulate one's own and others' emotions.

            Conclusion

            Psychological aspects are fundamental to understanding why people behave in certain ways in social contexts. Mental processes, emotions, motivations and social interactions affect the way people communicate, make decisions and behave in society. By understanding these aspects, one can have a deeper understanding of human behavior and its consequences in different social fields. Understanding how cognition, decision making and reasoning work allows for more informed and accurate decision making. It also helps to understand the cognitive and emotional biases that can affect decisions. Furthermore, by taking a closer look at how social experiences, relationships, and social pressures affect mental health, interventions and policies that promote a healthier social environment can be developed from any specific domain of knowledge. Psychological knowledge is actually a valid and systematic effort in these directions.

            

            Seyed Kamal Rafiei