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Psychological disorders and their understanding

• Disorders
• Psychological knowledge
• Treatment or therapy
• Counseling

Psychological disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that affect different aspects of a person's life. Most of these disorders are classified according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is a common system for diagnosing mental health conditions. Until the publication of DSM III in 1980, the classifications were vague and heavily influenced by personal subjectivity. For this reason, a person might receive different diagnoses depending on the clinical opinion of different doctors. The DSM describes over three hundred mental disorders. The descriptions and diagnostic criteria in newer versions of the DSM help clinicians in some ways, but also hinder individual needs by forcing clients into haphazardly designed categories. Uniform definitions for the diagnosis of psychological disorders make them appear similar to other diseases; But there is a significant difference.

Psychological disorders, also known as mental disorders, are conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily functioning and quality of life. They cover a wide range of conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders (such as depression and bipolar disorder), schizophrenia, and other psychiatric conditions. Treatment often involves a combination of counseling, medication, and supportive services that help people manage their symptoms and improve their well-being.

Most medical conditions have procedures or tests that confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis. Doctors may order blood tests and imaging (such as an MRI) to confirm the diagnosis based on symptoms. Medical devices can reveal hidden tissue abnormalities or physical injuries. Unfortunately, psychological disorders usually have no clear medical way to look beyond the symptoms and confirm the doctor's guesses.

Many of these disorders share symptoms and overlap. Current methods for diagnosis and treatment have improved dramatically over past methods, but the process is still far from perfect. Randolph Nesse says: "DSM-III dramatically increased objectivity, but at the cost of reducing accurate clinical assessments" (Nesse, 2019).

Main Divisions of Psychological Disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders include a group of conditions that primarily affect the development of the nervous system and functions such as They affect learning, attention, memory and behavior. These disorders usually appear early in development and may persist throughout life. Examples of these disorders include the following:

• Intellectual disability
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and other psychotic disorders

This category of mental disorders is characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions and behavior. This category includes conditions such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, short-term psychotic disorder and others. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's ability to function in daily life and often require long-term treatment and support. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential for the effective management of these conditions.

This category may include:

• Thought disorders
• Delirious disorders
• Schizoaffective disorder
• Short-term psychotic disorder
• Paraphrenia

For more information about these types of psychological disorders, you can refer to the subject of psychosis.

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by significant changes in a person's mood. These disorders can manifest as periods of extreme sadness, extreme happiness, or a combination of both. Common types of mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. These conditions can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being.

Bipolar-related disorders include things like:

• Bipolar disorder type I
• Bipolar type II disorder
• Cyclothymic disorder

Depressive disorders Include things like:

• Depressive disorder Major
• Persistent Depressive Disorder
• Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

For more information about these types of psychological disorders, you can refer to Mood Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs) include a group of mental health conditions that involve intrusive thoughts. And unpleasant (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental actions (compulsions) are identified. These conditions include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania), excoriation disorder, and some other related disorders. People with OCRDs often experience significant disruption in their daily functioning, and treatment is usually a combination of counseling and medication to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Body image disorder
• Disorder Storage

Trauma and Stress Disorders

Trauma and stress disorders include a range of mental health conditions that result from traumatic or stressful experiences. These disorders may include acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorders, and attachment disorder, among others. These disorders can have profound effects on people's psychological well-being and often require professional intervention for effective management and treatment. Examples of these disorders include: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Acute stress disorder Adjustment disorder Dissociative disorders Dissociative disorders Mental health conditions are characterized by separation or discontinuity in a person's thoughts, identity, awareness and memory. This may manifest as dissonance with the environment, a sense of detachment from one's emotions, or gaps in memory. These disorders can include things like dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder), and depersonalization/dereality disorder. These disorders often develop as a coping mechanism in response to trauma or severe stress. Treatment usually includes psychotherapy aimed at integrating different aspects of identity.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Depersonalization/Distortion of Reality Disorder

Somatic and Related Symptom Disorders

Somatic symptoms, also known as SSDs, are a group of conditions in which people experience distressing physical symptoms that may not have a clear medical explanation. These symptoms usually result in excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms and cause significant disruption in daily life. Some common somatic symptom disorders include somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and conversion disorder. Treatment usually includes a combination of counseling and, in some cases, medication.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Somatic Symptom Disorder
• Illness Anxiety Disorder
• Conversion Disorder

Eating and Eating Disorders

Eating and eating disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits and can have negative effects on a person's physical or mental health. These disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and food avoidance/restriction disorder. These conditions are often associated with mental preoccupation with food, body weight, and appearance and can cause severe disturbances in eating behavior. It is important to seek professional help if a person experiences problems with eating or feeding. Examples of these disorders include: anorexia nervosa (anorexia nervosa) bulimia nervosa (binge eating disorder) binge eating disorder (BED) It refers to disorders that are characterized by the inability to control urine or stool. These conditions may include nocturia (involuntary urination) and involuntary bowel movements (encopheresis), which are commonly diagnosed in children. The causes of these disorders can vary from physical factors to psychological factors, and treatment is usually a combination of behavioral, psychological, and medical interventions. Examples of these disorders include: enuresis, involuntary defecation, encopresis. Personality

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by persistent patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate significantly from cultural expectations of the individual. These patterns typically appear in domains such as cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control. Personality disorders can cause discomfort and significant disturbances in social, occupational or other important areas of life.

Some examples of these disorders are:

• Depressive personality disorder
• Drama personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive
• Masochistic personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Abrasive personality disorder

Sleep-wake disorders

Sleep-wake disorders, also known as circadian rhythm disorders, are a group of conditions characterized by disturbances in a person's sleep pattern. These disorders can affect sleep timing and lead to problems falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up, or feeling rested. They may also cause excessive sleepiness or lack of coordination between the body's internal clock and the external environment. Common examples include insomnia, narcolepsy, and shift work sleep disorder. The impact of sleep and wakefulness disorders can vary from mild to severe and affect a person's overall well-being, daily functioning, and quality of life. Some examples of these disorders include: Insomnia disorder Excessive sleepiness Narcolepsy Sexual dysfunction Sexual dysfunction In psychology, they include a range of problems that interfere with a person's ability to experience sexual satisfaction. These disorders can manifest as problems with libido, arousal, orgasm, or pain during sexual activity. Common types of sexual dysfunction include erectile dysfunction, sexual interest/arousal disorder in women, premature ejaculation, and genital-pelvic pain/penetration disorder. These disorders can have many causes, including psychological factors, medical conditions, or side effects of medications. Treatment usually involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include counseling, medication, or lifestyle changes.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Erectile dysfunction
• Orgasmic disorder in women
• Premature ejaculation

Gender dissatisfaction

Gender dissatisfaction is a condition in which That person feels discomfort or distress due to a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity. This mismatch can cause significant emotional and psychological distress. People with gender dysphoria may experience a strong desire to be a different gender, discomfort with their body, and difficulty coping with the social aspects of their gender. It is important to note that not all people with gender dysphoria decide to undergo medical or surgical gender reassignment. Treatment options for gender dysphoria may include counseling, hormone therapy, and/or surgery, depending on the individual's needs and goals.

Disruptive impulse control disorders

Disruptive impulse control disorders, also known as impulse control disorders, are a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by an inability to resist impulses or urges, resulting in Harmful behaviors become. These disorders include conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania (compulsive stealing), pyromania (compulsive arson) and others. People with these disorders often have problems in regulating their emotions and may face difficulties in personal, social and professional fields. Treatment for these disorders usually includes counseling and drug therapy. Some examples of these disorders include: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Substance and Addiction Disorders, as in the Diagnostic Manual. and defined as statistical mental disorders (DSM-5), includes a range of conditions related to the use of substances such as alcohol, opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens and other drugs. These disorders are characterized by frequent and intense use of substances, which leads to significant disturbances in daily functioning and physical, psychological and social problems. Examples of these disorders include substance use disorders, substance-induced disorders, and other substance-related conditions. Treatment usually includes a combination of counseling, medication, and support services that are tailored to the individual's specific needs. Some examples of these disorders include: Alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, and neurocognitive disorders. Also known as neurocognitive, they refer to a range of conditions characterized by reduced cognitive function. This decline can include impairments in areas such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving skills. Neurocognitive disorders can be caused by a variety of reasons, including neurodegenerative diseases, substance abuse, traumatic brain injury, or other medical conditions. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily functioning and quality of life. Some examples of these disorders include: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, paraphilic disorders, paraphilic disorders are a group of conditions. It is defined as characterized by intense sexual desires, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, suffering or humiliation of self or sexual partner, or children or non-consenting persons. These behaviors may cause discomfort or disruption in social, occupational or other important areas of life. Treatment usually includes counseling to manage these harmful urges and behaviors. Some examples of these disorders include: Spectator Disorder, Dramatic Disorder, Pedophilia Disorder, Other Mental Disorders, Mental Disorders that do not fit into any of the specific categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (DSM), they are often classified as "other specified disorders" or "unspecified disorders". These categories allow clinicians to confirm the presence of a mental health problem that does not meet the full criteria for any specific disorder in the DSM.

For example, DSM-5 has replaced the previous “Not Specified (NOS)” categories with these two options to provide more efficiency for clinicians. "Other specified disorder" allows the clinician to specify the reason for not meeting criteria for a particular disorder, while "unspecified disorder" allows the clinician to omit specifying the reason.

It is important to note that only a mental health professional can make a diagnosis and these categories are used when a more precise diagnosis is not possible at the time of evaluation. For more detailed information, you can refer to the DSM-5 manual or consult a mental health professional. Examples of mental disorders not specified in the DSM include: Socio-emotional

Drug-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of drugs

Medication-induced movement disorders (MIMDs) refer to a group of neurological disorders that are caused by the use of certain drugs. These disorders may appear as involuntary movements, tremors or muscle stiffness. Common examples include tardive dyskinesia, drug-induced parkinsonism, and akathisia.

On the other hand, other adverse drug effects include a wide range of non-movement-related adverse drug reactions. These can include allergic reactions, organ toxicity, hormonal imbalance, and many other potential side effects from drug use.

A few examples of these conditions include:

• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Tardive dyskinesia

Other conditions that may be of clinical concern

Diagnosis of a disease is the only reason People don't refer to clinical help. Life is challenging. We often reach the end of our physical, emotional and mental resources and need a little boost with professional guidance. Seeking clinical help can also be motivated by a desire for personal growth and self-improvement. With professional help, people can gain valuable tools to deal with life's challenges, promote well-being, and develop resilience.

It is important to note that asking for help is a sign of strength and a proactive approach to maintaining one's overall health. Whether it is to address a specific problem, manage stress, or improve quality of life, seeking clinical help can be a positive and empowering step toward holistic health.

A few examples of these conditions include:

• Relationship difficulties
• Student difficulties
• Bereavement and loss

• life improvements

August 7, 1404

Psychological disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that affect different aspects of a person's life. Most of these disorders are classified according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is a common system for diagnosing mental health conditions. Until the publication of DSM III in 1980, the classifications were vague and heavily influenced by personal subjectivity. For this reason, a person might receive different diagnoses depending on the clinical opinion of different doctors. The DSM describes over three hundred mental disorders. The descriptions and diagnostic criteria in newer versions of the DSM help clinicians in some ways, but also hinder individual needs by forcing clients into haphazardly designed categories. Uniform definitions for the diagnosis of psychological disorders make them appear similar to other diseases; But there is a significant difference.

Psychological disorders, also known as mental disorders, are conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily functioning and quality of life. They cover a wide range of conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders (such as depression and bipolar disorder), schizophrenia, and other psychiatric conditions. Treatment often involves a combination of counseling, medication, and supportive services that help people manage their symptoms and improve their well-being.

Most medical conditions have procedures or tests that confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis. Doctors may order blood tests and imaging (such as an MRI) to confirm the diagnosis based on symptoms. Medical devices can reveal hidden tissue abnormalities or physical injuries. Unfortunately, psychological disorders usually have no clear medical way to look beyond the symptoms and confirm the doctor's guesses.

Many of these disorders share symptoms and overlap. Current methods for diagnosis and treatment have improved dramatically over past methods, but the process is still far from perfect. Randolph Nesse says: "DSM-III dramatically increased objectivity, but at the cost of reducing accurate clinical assessments" (Nesse, 2019).

Main Divisions of Psychological Disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders include a group of conditions that primarily affect the development of the nervous system and functions such as They affect learning, attention, memory and behavior. These disorders usually appear early in development and may persist throughout life. Examples of these disorders include the following:

• Intellectual disability
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and other psychotic disorders

This category of mental disorders is characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions and behavior. This category includes conditions such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, short-term psychotic disorder and others. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's ability to function in daily life and often require long-term treatment and support. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential for the effective management of these conditions.

This category may include:

• Thought disorders
• Delirious disorders
• Schizoaffective disorder
• Short-term psychotic disorder
• Paraphrenia

For more information about these types of psychological disorders, you can refer to the subject of psychosis.

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by significant changes in a person's mood. These disorders can manifest as periods of extreme sadness, extreme happiness, or a combination of both. Common types of mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. These conditions can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being.

Bipolar-related disorders include things like:

• Bipolar disorder type I
• Bipolar type II disorder
• Cyclothymic disorder

Depressive disorders Include things like:

• Depressive disorder Major
• Persistent Depressive Disorder
• Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

For more information about these types of psychological disorders, you can refer to Mood Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs) include a group of mental health conditions that involve intrusive thoughts. And unpleasant (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental actions (compulsions) are identified. These conditions include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania), excoriation disorder, and some other related disorders. People with OCRDs often experience significant disruption in their daily functioning, and treatment is usually a combination of counseling and medication to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Body image disorder
• Disorder Storage

Trauma and Stress Disorders

Trauma and stress disorders include a range of mental health conditions that result from traumatic or stressful experiences. These disorders may include acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorders, and attachment disorder, among others. These disorders can have profound effects on people's psychological well-being and often require professional intervention for effective management and treatment. Examples of these disorders include: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Acute stress disorder Adjustment disorder Dissociative disorders Dissociative disorders Mental health conditions are characterized by separation or discontinuity in a person's thoughts, identity, awareness and memory. This may manifest as dissonance with the environment, a sense of detachment from one's emotions, or gaps in memory. These disorders can include things like dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder), and depersonalization/dereality disorder. These disorders often develop as a coping mechanism in response to trauma or severe stress. Treatment usually includes psychotherapy aimed at integrating different aspects of identity.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Depersonalization/Distortion of Reality Disorder

Somatic and Related Symptom Disorders

Somatic symptoms, also known as SSDs, are a group of conditions in which people experience distressing physical symptoms that may not have a clear medical explanation. These symptoms usually result in excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms and cause significant disruption in daily life. Some common somatic symptom disorders include somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and conversion disorder. Treatment usually includes a combination of counseling and, in some cases, medication.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Somatic Symptom Disorder
• Illness Anxiety Disorder
• Conversion Disorder

Eating and Eating Disorders

Eating and eating disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits and can have negative effects on a person's physical or mental health. These disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and food avoidance/restriction disorder. These conditions are often associated with mental preoccupation with food, body weight, and appearance and can cause severe disturbances in eating behavior. It is important to seek professional help if a person experiences problems with eating or feeding. Examples of these disorders include: anorexia nervosa (anorexia nervosa) bulimia nervosa (binge eating disorder) binge eating disorder (BED) It refers to disorders that are characterized by the inability to control urine or stool. These conditions may include nocturia (involuntary urination) and involuntary bowel movements (encopheresis), which are commonly diagnosed in children. The causes of these disorders can vary from physical factors to psychological factors, and treatment is usually a combination of behavioral, psychological, and medical interventions. Examples of these disorders include: enuresis, involuntary defecation, encopresis. Personality

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by persistent patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate significantly from cultural expectations of the individual. These patterns typically appear in domains such as cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control. Personality disorders can cause discomfort and significant disturbances in social, occupational or other important areas of life.

Some examples of these disorders are:

• Depressive personality disorder
• Drama personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive
• Masochistic personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Abrasive personality disorder

Sleep-wake disorders

Sleep-wake disorders, also known as circadian rhythm disorders, are a group of conditions characterized by disturbances in a person's sleep pattern. These disorders can affect sleep timing and lead to problems falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up, or feeling rested. They may also cause excessive sleepiness or lack of coordination between the body's internal clock and the external environment. Common examples include insomnia, narcolepsy, and shift work sleep disorder. The impact of sleep and wakefulness disorders can vary from mild to severe and affect a person's overall well-being, daily functioning, and quality of life. Some examples of these disorders include: Insomnia disorder Excessive sleepiness Narcolepsy Sexual dysfunction Sexual dysfunction In psychology, they include a range of problems that interfere with a person's ability to experience sexual satisfaction. These disorders can manifest as problems with libido, arousal, orgasm, or pain during sexual activity. Common types of sexual dysfunction include erectile dysfunction, sexual interest/arousal disorder in women, premature ejaculation, and genital-pelvic pain/penetration disorder. These disorders can have many causes, including psychological factors, medical conditions, or side effects of medications. Treatment usually involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include counseling, medication, or lifestyle changes.

A few examples of these disorders include:

• Erectile dysfunction
• Orgasmic disorder in women
• Premature ejaculation

Gender dissatisfaction

Gender dissatisfaction is a condition in which That person feels discomfort or distress due to a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity. This mismatch can cause significant emotional and psychological distress. People with gender dysphoria may experience a strong desire to be a different gender, discomfort with their body, and difficulty coping with the social aspects of their gender. It is important to note that not all people with gender dysphoria decide to undergo medical or surgical gender reassignment. Treatment options for gender dysphoria may include counseling, hormone therapy, and/or surgery, depending on the individual's needs and goals.

Disruptive impulse control disorders

Disruptive impulse control disorders, also known as impulse control disorders, are a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by an inability to resist impulses or urges, resulting in Harmful behaviors become. These disorders include conditions such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania (compulsive stealing), pyromania (compulsive arson) and others. People with these disorders often have problems in regulating their emotions and may face difficulties in personal, social and professional fields. Treatment for these disorders usually includes counseling and drug therapy. Some examples of these disorders include: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Substance and Addiction Disorders, as in the Diagnostic Manual. and defined as statistical mental disorders (DSM-5), includes a range of conditions related to the use of substances such as alcohol, opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens and other drugs. These disorders are characterized by frequent and intense use of substances, which leads to significant disturbances in daily functioning and physical, psychological and social problems. Examples of these disorders include substance use disorders, substance-induced disorders, and other substance-related conditions. Treatment usually includes a combination of counseling, medication, and support services that are tailored to the individual's specific needs. Some examples of these disorders include: Alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, and neurocognitive disorders. Also known as neurocognitive, they refer to a range of conditions characterized by reduced cognitive function. This decline can include impairments in areas such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving skills. Neurocognitive disorders can be caused by a variety of reasons, including neurodegenerative diseases, substance abuse, traumatic brain injury, or other medical conditions. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily functioning and quality of life. Some examples of these disorders include: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, paraphilic disorders, paraphilic disorders are a group of conditions. It is defined as characterized by intense sexual desires, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, suffering or humiliation of self or sexual partner, or children or non-consenting persons. These behaviors may cause discomfort or disruption in social, occupational or other important areas of life. Treatment usually includes counseling to manage these harmful urges and behaviors. Some examples of these disorders include: Spectator Disorder, Dramatic Disorder, Pedophilia Disorder, Other Mental Disorders, Mental Disorders that do not fit into any of the specific categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (DSM), they are often classified as "other specified disorders" or "unspecified disorders". These categories allow clinicians to confirm the presence of a mental health problem that does not meet the full criteria for any specific disorder in the DSM.

For example, DSM-5 has replaced the previous “Not Specified (NOS)” categories with these two options to provide more efficiency for clinicians. "Other specified disorder" allows the clinician to specify the reason for not meeting criteria for a particular disorder, while "unspecified disorder" allows the clinician to omit specifying the reason.

It is important to note that only a mental health professional can make a diagnosis and these categories are used when a more precise diagnosis is not possible at the time of evaluation. For more detailed information, you can refer to the DSM-5 manual or consult a mental health professional. Examples of mental disorders not specified in the DSM include: Socio-emotional

Drug-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of drugs

Medication-induced movement disorders (MIMDs) refer to a group of neurological disorders that are caused by the use of certain drugs. These disorders may appear as involuntary movements, tremors or muscle stiffness. Common examples include tardive dyskinesia, drug-induced parkinsonism, and akathisia.

On the other hand, other adverse drug effects include a wide range of non-movement-related adverse drug reactions. These can include allergic reactions, organ toxicity, hormonal imbalance, and many other potential side effects from drug use.

A few examples of these conditions include:

• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Tardive dyskinesia

Other conditions that may be of clinical concern

Diagnosis of a disease is the only reason People don't refer to clinical help. Life is challenging. We often reach the end of our physical, emotional and mental resources and need a little boost with professional guidance. Seeking clinical help can also be motivated by a desire for personal growth and self-improvement. With professional help, people can gain valuable tools to deal with life's challenges, promote well-being, and develop resilience.

It is important to note that asking for help is a sign of strength and a proactive approach to maintaining one's overall health. Whether it is to address a specific problem, manage stress, or improve quality of life, seeking clinical help can be a positive and empowering step toward holistic health.

A few examples of these conditions include:

• Relationship difficulties
• Student difficulties
• Bereavement and loss