Is psychology a science?
Science uses an empirical approach ... Experimental ( founded by John Locke ) says that the only source of knowledge has been created by our senses - for example, vision, hearing, etc. ... This is contrary to the existing view and reason.
The idea that knowledge must be gained through experience, that is, empirical, a way of research that used accurate observations and tests to collect facts and evidence.
View more: List of Best Psychological Doctors
can be imagined at two levels of the nature of scientific research:
The main method is experimental experiment
The main features of a science
Experimental Evidence
- refers to data collected through direct observation or testing.
- Experimental evidence does not rely on reasoning or belief Instead, tests and observations are done carefully and are reported in detail so that other researchers can repeat and try to prove it ...
objectivity
- Researchers must be completely free when studying. They should try to keep them completely neutral in their research ...
Control
In order to determine the cause (IV) and effect (DV), all external variables must be controlled.
hypothesis test
, for example, a statement at the beginning of the research that acts as a prediction and is taken from a theory ...
This is about whether a specific method and a finding can be repeated with different people / or / or in different cases to see if the results are similar ...
If a dramatic discovery is reported but is not repeated by other scientists ...
If we reach the same result under the same conditions, we can be sure of their accuracy..
This assures us that the results are reliable and can be used to build a body or scientific theory: it is very important in creating a scientific theory.
Forecast
Our goal is to be able to predict future behaviors using our research findings ...
What is the scientific process?Before the 20th century, science mainly used induction principles that discovered the world through accurate observations and formulated its theories based on observed order .... Newton's rules are an example of this ...
Popper stated that the theories / rules of the world should be prioritized and should be used to create expectations / hypotheses that can be distorted by observations and experiments .... Distorting is the only way of certainty - as Popper pointed out: "There is no amount of white, but we all look at us, The thing is enough, but so it concludes that it shows everything black and white enough, but it is black and white.
Science tends to go through these changes, so psychology is not a science, because it does not agree. It was philosophical, and great thinkers like Socrates were influenced by Plato and later in Aristotle.
Of this influential work, there are other important philosophies of psychology, including Spinoza (1632 - 1677) and Leibnitz (1716 - 1716) .... But there was still no single, scientific and integrated psychology as a separate discipline (you can certainly argue that there are no answers! Psychology appears as a scientific discipline because it needed time to integrate and integrate .... It is not easy to understand behavior, thoughts and emotions, which can show why psychology is largely ignored between ancient Greece and the sixteenth century ...
But after years of boring speculation, theory and reasoning, and considering Aristotle's claim to scientific research in support of theory, psychology began to emerge in the late 1800s. They followed the carefully (ie scientific) approach..
Psychological and Scientific Approaches
Psychoanalysis has a great explanation and has the power to understand behavior, but it has been criticized that only post -occurrence behavior, not predicting what will happen and unstable ...
Some believe that psychoanalysis has come from an ideological state, but this is not the only thing accused of being attractive (this is also an evolutionary theory - why is it? Is rejected by any significant correlation ...
Behavioralism has analytical theories (eg, saving economic consumption / cost reduction) for learning that uses several simple principles (reinforcement, behavior formation, generalization, etc.) to explain a wide range of behaviors from language to ethical development. Cognitive and morally ignored, turned into a pattern of behavior / pattern) when an animal responded (although they admit that complete prediction is impossible for anyone) ...
Behaviorally used its predictions to control animal behavior (trained pigeons to identify rescue vests) and humans (behavioral methods), and in fact Skinner, in his book Walden I (1948), describes a society based on the principles of behaviorism ...
psychology, possibly. Environmental, psychological and biological, even the simplest behaviors (ie all indirect variables cannot be controlled) are not possible ... "But many psychological approaches meet the requirements accepted from the scientific method, while others appear to be more skeptical..
Other Options for Scientific Approach
However, some psychologists believe that psychology should not be scientific. There are other options for experimental, such as rational research, reasoning and belief ... especially the use of a scientific laboratory to study humans and other animals ...one's mental experience of the world is an important and influential factor in their behavior.
Humanist approach in psychology deliberately disappears from a scientific perspective and rejects determinism in favor of authority and aims to achieve a unique and profound understanding .... The humanistic approach does not have regular theories (although some of the main assumptions) and no interest in themselves. In psychology he criticizes the book as a tool for promoting the human well -from the perspective of psychology control and says that understanding and understanding should be the main purpose of the subject as a science, because he asks who will control it and who will do it. Experience .. In many ways, the rejection of scientific psychology in the 50's, 1960s and 1970s was a factor in dominating American behaviorist approach.
are all psychologists in a particular way. This does not mean that everyone is formally trained and trained in psychology ... people and other people ...
common rational knowledge of informal psychologists is obtained in a relatively mental (ie unreliable) way and based on anecdotes.. تعصب نژادی یا مذهبی ممکن است منعکس کننده آنچه برای گروهی از افراد مشترک است .... ... با این حال ، هر یک از همبستگی های متعلق به آنچه در واقع درست است ، مقاوم هستند .... بنابراین ، این حس مشترک چیزی است که همه از آن استفاده می کنند و همه در زندگی روزمره را هدایت می کنند ، و عمر خود را هدایت می کند ، و بر آنها تأثیر می گذارد ، در مورد زندگی روزمره ، عمر خود را هدایت می کند ، و در مورد زندگی روزمره می گوید ، و در مورد زندگی روزانه ، زندگی He integrates about everyday life and deals with his life, and about daily life, lives on daily life, and is in everyday life.
Although we (we think) we have a scientific way of work, there are other problems and arguments that scientific doubt of psychology ... Restrictions may be related to the subject (eg explicit behavior against mental, private), objectivity, generality, environmental validity, ecological validity ...
It allows to see what they can see ... Scientific laws are generalizable, but psychological explanations are often limited at specific times and places.
Operational variables refer to the defining and measurement of a particular variable as used in the study .... For example, a biological psychologist may apply stress as an increase in heart rate, but this may by doing so, we will not use the human experience of what we study.
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a behaviorist never examines fear (fear) and thinks as an unconscious reason, exactly as Freud never explains it as a behavior obtained through a practical situation ...
This particular view of a scientist (Cohen, 1970) is called a paradigm (Cohen). In the future we will not see a black, green or pink color?. So even if we have never seen a strong and white, we have not yet proved our hypothesis. Popper believes that the best assumptions are things we can fake - to reject .... If we know that a matter is not correct, then we know something confident ...
Testing Ability: Much of the subject is not visible in psychology (eg memory) and therefore cannot be measured precisely ... The fact that there are many variables that affect human behavior and control these variables effectively. We've got closer?. Probably not ... there is no definitive philosophy of science and no flawless scientific method. It depends on your philosophy ... Is psychology a science? It depends on your definition .... So - why do we bother ourselves and how can we get so much?
Slife and Williams (1995) have tried to answer these two questions:
1) At least we should try to strive for scientific methods because we need a more precise command .... If we refrain from searching integrated methods, we will lose our understanding of what is psychology (if we know in the first place) ...
2) We should strive to develop appropriate scientific methods to study human behavior - it may not be appropriate for us ...
Treat anxiety and obsession with the help of psychology and psychologists..
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