Properties of onions for people with diabetes

Properties of onions for people with diabetes =================================== Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases in the world, which requires a combination of medicine, healthy diet and lifestyle changes to control blood sugar and prevent its complications. In recent years, studies have shown that some natural foods can act as effective supplements in the management of diabetes and enhance the effects of drugs. Onion, with its active compounds including flavonoids, quercetin and sulfur compounds, has attracted the attention of researchers and nutritionists. This food item not only helps to reduce cellular resistance to insulin, but its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects can also support the health of the heart, liver and digestive system of diabetic patients. Active compounds in onions and their effect on diabetes Onion is one of the oldest known medicinal and edible plants in the world, which plays a role in controlling and improving many diseases, including diabetes, due to its unique chemical compounds. Type 2 diabetes, which is mainly characterized by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia, is strongly influenced by diet and oxidative stress. For this reason, the use of natural ingredients such as onion can be proposed as a low-cost and effective method to support the drug treatment of diabetic patients. ### Sulfur compounds and their role in blood sugar control: One of the most important group of active compounds in onion is sulfur compounds such as S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, allyl propyl disulfide and other sulfur derivatives. These compounds are responsible for the pungent and special smell of onions, but from a nutritional point of view, they have a high therapeutic value. Animal studies have shown that these substances can increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and also protect these cells from oxidative damage. In addition, some sulfur compounds are able to inhibit the activity of digestive enzymes such as alpha-glucosidase (α-glucosidase), which results in reducing the speed of sugar absorption from the intestine and preventing a sudden increase in blood sugar after a meal. This action is very similar to glucosidase inhibitor drugs that are prescribed to control type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, sulfur compounds of onions help to improve insulin resistance and metabolic health of the body by improving liver function and reducing harmful blood fats (LDL and triglyceride). ### flavonoids, especially quercetin; Golden compounds of onion: Flavonoids are another group of active compounds in onions, the largest of which is Quercetin. Quercetin is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants known, which is abundant in red and yellow onions. This substance prevents oxidative damage in tissues such as liver, muscle and pancreas by neutralizing free radicals and increasing the activity of protective enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Since oxidative stress is one of the main factors in the occurrence of insulin resistance, the strong antioxidant effect of quercetin plays a direct role in blood sugar control. In addition, by inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, quercetin reduces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. This process improves the sensitivity of cells to insulin and reduces chronic metabolic inflammation, which is very common in diabetic patients. ### Mechanism of quercetin effect on insulin resistance: Research has shown that quercetin not only reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, but also activates signaling pathways related to glucose uptake. One of these pathways is AMPK (adenosine monophosphate protein kinase), which plays an important role in regulating cellular energy. AMPK activation leads to increased glucose uptake by cells and decreased glucose production in the liver. Also, by stimulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, quercetin causes the transfer of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface in the muscle tissue, as a result of which, more glucose from the blood enters the cells and the blood sugar level decreases. Additionally, there is evidence that quercetin protects pancreatic beta cells from free radical damage and even increases insulin secretion. Therefore, this combination plays a role in both improving the function of insulin and increasing its secretion. ### Antioxidant compounds and their effects on the body of diabetics: Onions are a rich source of various antioxidants that help prevent diabetes complications by reducing free radicals. In the body of diabetics, oxidative stress causes damage to the walls of blood vessels, nerves and kidneys. By reducing this stress, onion's antioxidant compounds prevent complications such as diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage) and peripheral neuropathy. In addition, the antioxidant property of quercetin maintains the health of the vessel wall and prevents arteriosclerosis, which is a common complication in diabetic patients. In general, regular consumption of onions in the diet can keep the body's antioxidant level high and reduce the process of damage caused by high blood sugar. ### Fructan fibers and their effect on blood sugar and microbiota: One of the lesser-known properties of onions is the presence of inulin fibers and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which act as prebiotics. These fibers are fermented in the large intestine and produce short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate and propionate. These compounds help regulate glucose and fat metabolism by improving the health of beneficial intestinal bacteria and reducing systemic inflammation. Studies have shown that prebiotics can reduce insulin resistance and enhance the body's response to insulin. For this reason, onion consumption can be effective in diabetes management not only through chemical compounds but also through the effect on intestinal microbiota. Role of onion in improving insulin function Onion, as a rich source of bioactive compounds including flavonoids (especially quercetin), sulfur-containing compounds (such as S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide - SMCS) and fructan fibers, can increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin through several molecular pathways and thus improve insulin function; These pathways range from the activation of intracellular messengers related to energy metabolism to the reduction of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Evidence gathered in review studies and meta-analyses also show that adding onion or onion-derived compounds to the diet can produce significant improvements in metabolic parameters, although the quality and size of many human studies are still limited and should be interpreted with caution. ### How to increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin by onion compounds: One of the main ways of increasing insulin sensitivity by onion compounds is the activation of signaling pathways related to glucose absorption in peripheral tissues. Preclinical studies have shown that quercetin and quercetin-rich extracts can activate AMPK and enhance the PI3K/AKT pathway; The practical result of these changes is the increase in the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the membrane of muscle and fat cells, resulting in more glucose entering the cells and reducing plasma glycemia. These mechanisms have been observed not only in animal models but also in molecular analyzes and some preliminary human studies and have shown a direct relationship with the reduction of insulin resistance indices (such as HOMA-IR). However, it should be noted that the dose and form (eating whole onion, peel extract or quercetin supplement) are effective on the intensity of these effects. ### Onion as a natural supplement along with diabetes medications: Onions can be used as a low-cost and relatively safe natural supplement alongside diabetes medication, but there are a few caveats. First, patients treated with diabetes medications (eg, sulfonylureas or insulin) should be aware of the risk of hypoglycemia because the addition of natural hypoglycemic agents may require dose adjustments—medical consultation and regular glucose monitoring are essential. Second, the form of consumption (raw, cooked or extract) and the dose of the active compound have a great difference in the result; Some human studies have used raw onion slices or lyophilized powder, and some have used fortified extracts—so the quality of the product is important. Third, although reported serious interactions are rare, individuals with gastrointestinal sensitivities or thyroid disorders or taking blood thinners should consult a physician before continued use. The best ways to consume onions for diabetics The method of onion preparation has a direct effect on the amount of its active compounds. Many valuable substances in onions such as quercetin, flavonoids and sulfur-containing compounds (such as allylpropyl disulfide) are sensitive to high heat and are destroyed by long frying or direct heat. On the other hand, consuming it completely raw may cause digestive upset for some people, especially those with sensitive stomachs. Therefore, the main goal should be **choosing methods that establish a balance between maintaining nutritional value and ease of digestion**. ### Consumption of raw onion: the simplest and most effective natural method Raw onion has a significant advantage over cooked onion in terms of preserving quercetin and antioxidant compounds. Nutritional studies have shown that consuming raw onions can have a more direct effect on reducing fasting blood sugar and increasing insulin sensitivity, because high heat destroys some of the sulfur-containing compounds. Diabetics can consume some raw onions daily in the form of fresh salads, healthy sandwiches, or chopped with lemon juice and fresh vegetables. Combining raw onion with a little extra virgin olive oil also helps in better absorption of flavonoids. Of course, in case of bloating or heartburn, you can keep the onion in lukewarm water for a few minutes to reduce its spiciness, without significantly losing its beneficial compounds. ### Mild cooked onion; A suitable option for sensitive digestive system In some diabetics, especially the elderly or those with peptic ulcers or irritable bowel syndrome, eating raw onions can be uncomfortable. In this situation, gentle cooking with indirect heat or steaming is the best alternative. Gentle cooking not only helps in easier digestion but also preserves some of the beneficial compounds such as quercetin. Using cooked onions in vegetable dishes, soups, low-fat stews or vegetable omelets can be a good way to introduce this valuable substance into the daily diet. The important point is that high or long heat causes caramelization of the onion's natural sugars and increases its glycemic index, so gentle and short cooking (less than 10 minutes) is recommended. ### Avoid frying in too much oil One of the biggest mistakes in using onions is frying them in hot oil, especially industrial or used oils. This method not only destroys many of the onion's antioxidant compounds, but also increases insulin resistance by increasing calories and introducing oxidized compounds into the body. For diabetic patients, frying with high heat can increase systemic inflammation and disrupt blood sugar control. If there is a need to fry onions to flavor the food, it is recommended to use a small amount of virgin olive oil or avocado, in low heat and for a short time (less than 3 minutes). You can even use the "dry frying" method in a Teflon pan, and at the end, add a little healthy oil to the food to preserve both the taste and properties. ### combination of onion with other useful food Combining onion with other natural substances with anti-diabetic effects can create synergistic effects. For example, garlic also contains similar sulfur compounds that can improve insulin action and stabilize blood sugar levels; The combination of onion and garlic in food or salads is an effective combination for controlling blood sugar. Also, adding lemon juice or natural apple vinegar to raw onion strengthens the absorption of antioxidant compounds and reduces the glycemic index of the meal. On the other hand, combining onions with fresh vegetables such as parsley, cilantro, cucumber and lettuce helps reduce the irritating effect of onions on the stomach and adds more dietary fiber to the meal, which itself plays a role in blood sugar control. Such combinations, in addition to metabolic benefits, cause variety in the diet and increase acceptance of onion taste in patients. Daily consumption amount and nutritional recommendations for diabetic patients The exact amount of onion consumption for each person depends on the health status, medications and other nutritional factors, but in general, nutritionists recommend that **about half to one medium onion (equivalent to 80 to 100 grams)** should be included in the diet of diabetic patients. This amount can be spread over different meals of the day to have a more stable effect on blood sugar levels. Excessive consumption, especially in raw form, may cause problems such as bloating, bad breath, or stomach irritation, so moderation is essential. Another important point is choosing the type of onion: Red and purple onions are considered a better option for diabetics due to having more flavonoids (especially quercetin), while white onions are sweeter and may have a little more sugar. Finally, patients should include onion consumption in a balanced diet including whole grains, plenty of vegetables, lean protein, and healthy fats to maximize its effects. ### practical tips in the daily diet: For the practical use of onion in diabetic diet, you can follow some simple but effective patterns: - Adding chopped raw onion to salad for lunch or dinner. - Using soft cooked onion in vegetable soup or lentil food. - Preparing a combination of onion, garlic, lemon juice and a little olive oil as a natural seasoning. - Using sliced ​​red onion in homemade sandwiches with whole grain bread. These methods help patients to benefit from the anti-diabetic properties of onions without increasing the calorie or sugar load. Warnings and precautions in onion consumption for diabetics Onion is a healthy and valuable food that has significant anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties, but its consumption requires caution for diabetic patients. Especially people who take sugar medications or have gastrointestinal, heart or food allergies should add onions to their diet with safety precautions in mind. Improper consumption, sudden changes in the amount or use of concentrated supplements can intensify the effects of natural sugar-lowering onion and lead to hypoglycemia or other complications. ### Interaction with blood sugar lowering drugs: Onion and its active compounds, especially the flavonoid quercetin, can increase insulin sensitivity and enhance the effect of blood sugar-lowering drugs such as insulin and sulfonylureas. This may cause a sudden drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia). For this reason, diabetic patients should monitor their blood glucose levels regularly when adding onions to their daily diet and coordinate any significant changes in onion consumption or its supplements with a doctor or nutritionist. ### Pharmacokinetic interaction with drugs: Taking high doses of quercetin or concentrated onion extracts may affect liver enzymes of the CYP family (such as CYP3A4, CYP2C9) and P-glycoprotein transporter and slow or change the metabolism of some drugs. Drugs that are metabolized by these pathways—including some diabetes, heart, and blood pressure drugs—may experience increased concentrations and side effects from high onion or supplement intake. Therefore, it is necessary to consult a doctor before starting to take supplements or make a sudden change in onion consumption. ### blood thinners: Raw onion and its extracts have a mild anti-platelet effect and can reduce platelet aggregation. For this reason, high consumption of raw onions may increase the effect of anticoagulants such as warfarin, clepidogrel and even aspirin. Patients treated with these drugs should monitor INR and other bleeding parameters regularly and report any unusual bruising or bleeding to the physician immediately. In these cases, it may be safer to use soft-cooked onions instead of raw ones. ### Digestive sensitivity and gastric reflux: Raw onions contain fructans and other irritating compounds that can cause heartburn, reflux and bloating in sensitive people. Patients with GERD or Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) should consume onions lightly cooked or use low-FODMAP alternatives. Paying attention to the body's reaction and adjusting the amount of consumption plays an important role in reducing digestive discomfort. ### Allergy and allergic reactions: If symptoms such as itching, hives, swelling of the lips or throat, or shortness of breath are observed after contact or consumption of onion, it should be stopped immediately and a doctor or allergist should be consulted. Although onion allergy is rare, it is especially important for those with a history of food allergies. ### Onion supplements and the difference with food consumption: Consuming onion as a whole food is usually safe and does not cause serious side effects, but supplements and concentrated onion extracts contain higher doses of active ingredients and may interact with medications and produce stronger hypoglycemic or antiplatelet effects. Therefore, starting quercetin supplements or concentrated extracts should only be done under the supervision of a doctor and self-medication should be avoided. ### Practical recommendations for patients: - Before increasing onion consumption or starting supplements, **consult a doctor or nutritionist**. - After changing the diet, **monitor the blood sugar level** so that hypoglycemia can be detected quickly. - Patients suffering from GERD or IBS should consume lightly cooked onions and monitor the body's reaction. - Consumption of onions for people who take anti-coagulant drugs should be done with medical supervision and excessive consumption of raw or concentrated extracts should be avoided. Onions can act as a natural and beneficial addition to blood sugar control and metabolic health, but it is important to observe the amount of consumption, the type of consumption (raw or lightly cooked), and coordination with medications and digestive conditions. Observing these tips will make patients benefit from the benefits of onion and avoid unwanted side effects. ### Onion, a natural coating for sugar control and a smart companion for diabetics Onion, with its active compounds such as quercetin and sulfurdars, not only helps to reduce blood sugar and increase insulin sensitivity, but its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects can also support the health of the heart and digestive system of diabetic patients. Consuming onions in raw or lightly cooked form, along with observing the amount of consumption and precautions, can play an effective role in diabetes management as a natural and low-risk supplement along with medications and lifestyle changes. However, it is important to be aware of drug interactions and digestive conditions so that its use is both safe and effective. In this way, onion is considered not only a food item, but also a smart companion in the way of controlling diabetes. **To receive a visit (online or in person) with Dr. Yazdan Panah, fill out the form below**